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1 - Comparative assessment between historical and future trends in the daily maximum temperature parameter over selected stations of Iran https://jnec.ut.ac.ir/article_60986.html 1 Objective of this study is to determine whether there are significant changes in maximum temperature trends between the current (1981-2010) and future (2011-2099) periods. To this end, statistical downscaling is used to project future changes in the maximum temperatures according to A2 and B2 scenarios of HADCM3 in the 7 selected stations of Iran. The possibilities of an accelerating trend are detected in the maximum temperature at 95% confidence level using of Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope methods. The results showed that there is an increasing tendency in the maximum temperature trends over Iran, especially in the northern highlands for the future decades of the 21st century than the last three decades. The highest trend slopes in annual maximum temperatures are found by 0.69, 0.68, and 0.62°C per decade at Isfahan, Tabriz, and Tehran stations based on A2 scenario for the future decades (2011-2099), respectively, while the lowest trend slope is found at B-Abbas station that is equivalent to 0.14°C per decade based on B2 scenario. It is important to mention that the rate of warming trend will be accelerating based on temperature-time relations in coming decades. In this point, the future occurrences of desirable daily temperatures could be exposure in the southern coasts of Iran where it will be affected by more capacity of atmospheric humidity. 0 - 89 98 - - Mohsen Abbasnia Ph.D in Climatology, Department of Physical Geography and Environmental Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, P. O. Box 987-98135, Zahedan, Iran Iran am_abbasnia@pgs.usb.ac.ir - - Mahmood Khosravi Associate Professor of Climatology, Department of Physical Geography and Environmental Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran Iran khosravi@gep.usb.ac.ir - - Hüseyin Toros Associate Professor of Meteorology, Department of Meteorology Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak Istanbul 34469, Turkey Iran toros@itu.edu.tr - - Taghi Tavousi Professor of Climatology, Department of Physical Geography and Environmental Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran Iran t.tavousi@gep.usb.ac.ir current decades future decades temperature trends warming rate 1. Abbasnia, M.; Toros, H. (2016). Future changes in maximum temperature using the statistical downscaling model (SDSM) at selected stations of Iran. Journal of Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 2(2): 1-7.##2. Abbasnia, M.; Tavousi, T.; Khosravi, M.; Toros, H. (2016). Investigation of interactive effects between temperature trend and urban climate during the last decades: a case study of Isfahan-Iran. European Journal of Science and Technology, 4(7): 81-74.##3. Croitoru, A.E.; Piticar, A. (2013). Changes in daily extreme temperatures in the extra-Carpathians##regions of Romania. International Journal of Climatology, 33: 1987–2000.##4. Darand, M.; Masoodian, A.; Nazaripour, H.; Mansouri Daneshvar, M.R. (2015). Spatial and temporal trend analysis of temperature extremes based on Iranian climatic database (1962–2004). Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8: 8469-8480.##5. EEA (2008). Impact’s of Europe changing climate in 2008. Indicator based assessment; European Environment Agency reports, 4, 242 pp.##6. Gray, B.R.; Lyubchich, V.; Gel, Y.R.; Rogala, J.T.; Robertson, D.M.; Wei, X. (2016). Estimation of river and stream temperature trends under haphazard sampling. Statistical Methods and Applications, 25(1): 89-105.##7. Hamdi, M.R.; Abu-Allaban, M.; Al-Shayeb, A.; Jaber, M.; Momani, N.M. (2009). Climate change in Jordan: a comprehensive examination approach. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 5(1): 58–68.##8. Huang, J.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Xu, C.; Wang, B.; Yao, J. (2011). Estimation of future precipitation change in the Yangtze River basin by using statistical downscaling method. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 25(6): 781-792.##9. Insaf, T.Z.; Lin, S.; Sheridan, S.C. (2013). Climate trends in indices for temperature and precipitation across New York State, 1948–2008. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 6(1): 247-257.##10. IPCC (2013). Climate change 2013; The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment, Report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York USA, 1550 pp.##11. IPCC (2007). Climate Change: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment, Report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York USA, 331 pp.##12. IRIMO (2012). Summary reports of Iran’s extreme climatic events. Ministry of roads and urban development, Iran Meteorological Organization. (Via: www.cri.ac.ir)##13. Jones, P.D.; Moberg, A. (2003). Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2001. Journal of Climate, 16(2): 206-223.##14. Kendall, M.G. (1975). Rank correlation method, 4th edn. Charles Griffin, London, 202 pp.##15. Kim, H.S.; Chung, Y.S.; Tans, P.P.; Yoon, M.B. (2015). Climatological variability of air temperature and precipitation observed in South Korea for the last 50 years. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health: 1-7.##16. Kumar, M.; Denis, D.M.; Suryavanshi, S. (2016). Long-term climatic trend analysis of Giridih district, Jharkhand (India) using statistical approach. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2(116): 1-10.##17. Liu, Z.; Xu, Z. (2015). Climate change scenarios generated by using GCM outputs and statistical downscaling in an arid region. Desert, 20(2): 101-115.##18. Mahmood, R.; Babel, M.S. (2014). Future changes in extreme temperature events using the statistical downscaling model (SDSM) in the trans-boundary region of the Jhelum river basin. Weather and Climate Extremes, 5: 56-66.##19. Mann, H.B. (1945). Non-parametric tests against trend. Econometrical, 13: 245-259.##20. Masoodian, S.A. (2007). Trend analysis on temperature of Iran during the last half century. Geographical Research Quarterly, 38(3): 29-45.##21. Mojarrad, F.; Basati, S. (2014). Analysis of spatial and temporal variations of maximum temperatures in Iran. Journal of Spatial Planning, 18(2): 129-152.##22. Piticar, A.; Ristoiu, D. (2012). Analysis of air temperature evolution in northeastern Romania and evidence of warming trend. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 7(4): 97-106.##23. Refat Nasher, N.M.; Uddin, M.N. (2013). Maximum and minimum temperature trends variation over northern and southern part of Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, 6(2): 83-88.##24. Saboohi, R.; Soltani, S.; Khadagholi, M. (2012). Trend analysis of temperature parameters in Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 109: 529–547.##25. Salmi, T.; Määttä, A.; Anttila, P.; Ruoho-Airola, T.; Ammell, T. (2002). Detecting trends of annual values of atmospheric pollutants by the Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimates– the Excel template application MAKESENS. Publications of Air Quality, 31: 7-35.##26. Salon, S.; Cossarini, G.; Libralato, S.; Gao, X.; Solidoro, C.; Giorgi, F. (2008). Downscaling experiment for the Venice lagoon. I. Validation of the present-day precipitation climatology, Climate Research, 38(1): 31-41.##27. Semenov, M.A.; Stratonovitch, P. (2010). Use of multi-model ensembles from global climate models for assessment of climate change impacts. Climate Research, 41(1): 1-12.##28. Smadi, M.M. (2006). Observed abrupt changes in minimum and maximum temperatures in Jordan in the 20th century. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2(3): 114–120.##29. Tabari, H.; Hosseinzadeh Talaee, P. (2011). Analysis of trends in temperature data in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Global and Planetary Change, 79: 1–10.##30. Toros, H. (2012). Spatial‐temporal variation of daily extreme temperatures over Turkey. International Journal of Climatology, 32(7): 1047-1055.##31. Whan, K.; Alexander, L.V.; Imielska, A., et al. (2014). Trends and variability of temperature extremes in the tropical Western Pacific. International Journal of Climatology, 34(8): 2585-2603.##32. Wilby, R.L.; Dawson, C.W. (2013). The statistical downscaling model: insights from one decade of application. International Journal of Climatology, 33(7): 1707-1719.##33. Wilby, R.L.; Dawson, C.W.; Barrow, E.M. (2002). SDSM- A decision support tool for the assessment of regional climate change impacts. Environmental Modeling and Software, 17(2): 145-157.##

1 - Quantitative assessment of relative tectonic activity in the Alamarvdasht river basin, south of Iran https://jnec.ut.ac.ir/article_60991.html 1 Tectonic processes are major factors controlling landform development in tectonically active areas. In order to evaluate quantitative measurement of tectonic activities in the Alamarvdasht basin in the south of Iran, six different morphological indices including stream-gradient index (SL), drainage basin asymmetry (Af), hypsometric integral (Hi), valley floor width-valley height ratio (Vf), drainage basin shape (Bs) and mountain-front sinuosity (Smf) were calculated. These indices were combined to generate the relative active tectonics index (IAT) and the study area was divided into three classes: high, moderate and low relative tectonic activity based on IAT values. The results of IAT index showed that high and moderate tectonic activity areas are located near the main faults and anticlines. The results are also consistent with geology and field observations on landforms and GPS data of Lamerd geodynamics station. GPS data shows subsidence and north-eastern movement in the basin because of convergence between the Arabian and Eurasian plates in the Zagros Mountains zone. 0 - 99 110 - - Ezatollah Ghanavati Associate Professor, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Iran ezghanavati@yahoo.com - - Mojtaba Yamani Professor, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran myamani@ut.ac.ir - - Hadi Karimi Ph.D. Candidate in Physical Geography, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Iran hadi.karimi22@gmail.com Alamarvdasht basin geodynamics geomorphic indices relative active tectonics tectonic geomorphology Arian, M., Aram, Z. (2014). Relative tectonic activity classification in Kermanshah area, west Iran. Solid Earth Discuss, 6: 2097–2141. doi:10.5194/sed-6-2097-2014.##Bahrami, S. (2013). Analyzing the drainage system anomaly of Zagros basins: Implications for active tectonics. Tectonophysics 608: 914-928. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2013.07.026.##Bahrami, S. (2012). Morphotectonic evolution of triangular facets and wine-glass valleys in the Noakoh anticline, Zagros, Iran: Implications for active tectonics. Geomorphology, 159-160: 37-49. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.03.003.##Baioni, D. (2007). Drainage basin asymmetry and erosion processes relationship through a new representation of two geomorphic indices in the Conca river (northern Apennines). Ital J Geosci, 126(3): 573-579.##Blanc, E., Allen, M.B., Inger, S., Hassani, H. (2003). Structural styles in the Zagros simple folded zone, Iran. J Geol Soc Lond, 160: 401-412.##Bull, W.B., McFadden, L.D. (1997). Tectonic geomorphology north and south of the Garlock fault, California, In: Doehring. D.C. (Ed.), Geomorphology in Arid Regions, Proceeding 8th Annual Geomorphology Symposium, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY: 115-137.##Bull, W., B. (2007). Tectonic geomorphology of mountains: a new approach to paleoseismology. Blackwell, Malden.##Cooley, S.W. (2015). GIS4Geomorphology: http://www.gis4geomorphology.com. Accessed December 25.##Dehbozorgi, M., Pourkermani, M., Arian, M., Matkan, A., Motamedi, H., Hosseiniasl, A. (2010). Quantitative analysis of relative tectonic activity in the Sarvestan area, central Zagros, Iran.  Geomorphology, 21(3-4): 329-341. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.05.002.##Ehsani, J., Arian, M. (2015). Quantitative analysis of relative tectonic activity in the Jarahi- Hendijan basin area, Zagros, Iran. Geosciences Journal. doi:10.1007/s12303-015-0016-3.##El. Hamdouni, R., Irigaray, C., Fernandez, T., Chacón, J., Keller, E. (2007). Assessment of relative active tectonics, southwest border of Sierra Nevada (southern Spain). Geomorphology 96: 150–173. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.08.004.##Habibi, A., Gharibreza, M. (2015). Estimation of the relative active tectonics in Shahriary basin (Central Iran) using geomorphic and seismicity indices. Natural Environment Change, 1(1): 71-83.##Hack, J.T. (1982). Physiographic division and differential uplift in the piedmont and Blue Ridge. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1265: 1-49.##Hack, J.T. (1973). Stream-profiles analysis and stream-gradient index. Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1(4): 421-429.##Hack, J.T. (1957). Studies of longitudinal stream-profiles in Virginia and Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper (294B): 45-97.##Hare, P.W., Gardner, T.W. (1985). Geomorphic indicators of vertical neotectonism along converging plate margins, Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica. In: Morisawa M, Hack JT (Eds.) Tectonic Geomorphology. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium. Allen and Unwin, Boston,123-134.##Keller, E.A., Pinter, N. (2002). Active Tectonics: Earthquakes, Uplift, and Landscape (2nd Ed.). Prentice Hall, New Jersey.##Keller, E.A., Pinter, N. (1996). Active Tectonics: Earthquakes, Uplift, and Landscape. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.##Khavari, R., Ghorashi, M., Arian, M., Khosrotehrani, K. (2010). Geomorphic signatures of active tectonics in the Karaj drainage basin in South Central Alborz, N Iran. Geosciences, Iranian Geological Survey, 19(75): 67-74.##Mosavi, E.J., Arian, M. (2015). Tectonic Geomorphology of Atrak River, NE Iran. Open Journal of Geology, 5: 106-114.##Mosavi, E.J., Arian, M., Ghorshi, M., Nazemi, M. (2015). Neotectonics of Tabas Area, Central Iran by Index of Active Tectonics (IAT). Open Journal of Geology, 5: 209-223.##National Cartographic Center of Iran, 2015. GPS data of Lamerd geodynamics station, south of Fars province, Iran.##Omidali, M., Arian, M., Sorbi, A. (2015). Neotectonics of Boroujerd Area, SW Iran by Index of Active Tectonics. Open Journal of Geology, 5: 309-324.##Ramsey, L., Walker, R., Jackson, J. (2008). Fold evolution and drainage development in the agros mountains of Fars province, SE Iran. Basin Research. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2007.00342.x.##Rezaei Moghaddam, M.H., Kheirizadeh, M. (2015). Evaluation of Neotectonic Activities Using Quantitative Geomorphic Indices (Case Study: Eastern Alborz in North of Semnan Province). Arid Regions Geographic Studies, 5(18): 19-36.##Talebian, M., Jackson, J. (2004). A reappraisal of earthquake focal mechanisms and active shortening in the Zagros mountains of Iran. Geophys. J. Int., 156: 506-526.##Tatar, M., Hatzfeld, D., Martinod, J., Walpersdorf, A., Ghafori-Ashtiany, M., Chery, J. (2002). The present day deformation of the central Zagros from GPS measurements, Geophys, Res. Lett., 29: 19-27.##

1 - Evaluation of the effects of meteorological drought on ground water table fluctuations (Case study: Hormozgan Province, Iran) https://jnec.ut.ac.ir/article_60994.html 1 Drought as a natural but temporary imbalance of water availability is the interaction between natural environment and human life resulting in diminished water resources availability and reduced carrying capacity of the ecosystems. Drought indices are essential elements for an efficient drought monitoring system. These indices make the transforming information of climatic anomalies easier and allow the scientists to quantitatively assess the climatic anomalies. In this research drought condition in Hormozgan province, Iran based on RDI and SPI was studied and the effects of drought on groundwater resources have been studied as well. The highest correlation in almost all plains is related to long term periods (24 months) which show that drought becomes more important and hazardous in long term periods. However higher correlation of some plains like Minab plain with RDI&SPI 3 month shows the quick response of this plain to the meteorological droughts. The results are very useful tool for planners and decision makers to monitor the region based on its susceptibility to drought. 0 - 111 125 - - Ahmad Nohegar Professor, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Iran Iran nohegar@ut.ac.ir - - Maryam Heydarzadeh Ph.D. Candidate in Engineering Watershed Management, Hormozgan University, Iran Iran m.heydarzade88@yahoo.com Drought groundwater index Standardized Precipitation Index 1. Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., Smith, M., (1998). Crop evapotranspiration, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.##2. Abramowitz, M., Stegun, I.A., (1965). Handbook of mathematical functions: with formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables. Applied Mathematics Series - 55, Washington D.C.##3. AsadiZarch, M.A., Malekinezhad, H., Hossein, M., Dastorani, M.T., Kousari, M., (2010). Drought Monitoring by Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) in Iran. Water Resour Manage, DOI 10.1007/s11269-011-9867-1.##4. CRDE, (2003). The Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. Disasters Database. http://www. cred.be/emdat/intro.htm. UniversiteCatholique de Louvain, Brussels- Belgium.##5. Doorenbos, J., Kassam, A.H., (1986). Yield response to water. Yield response to water, Irrigation and Drainage Paper 33. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.##6. Doorenbos, J., Pruitt, O.W., (1977). Crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 24. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.##7. Fischer, G., Van Velthuizen, H., Nachtergaele. (2000). Global agro-ecological zones assessment. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg.##8. Gibbs, W.J., Maher, J.V., (1967). Rainfall deciles as drought indicators. Bureau of Meteorology Bulletin 48. Commonwealth of Australia, Melbourne.##9. Guttmann, N.B., (1998). Comparing the Palmer drought index and the standardized precipitation index. J Am Water ResourAssoc. 34:113-121.##10. Hayes, M.J., (2000). Revisiting the SPI: clarifying the process. Drought Network News, A Newsletter of the International Drought Information Center and the National Drought Mitigation Center 12(1,Winter 1999–Spring 2000):13-15.##11. Jensen, M.E., Burman, R.D., Allen, R.G., (1990). Evaporation and irrigation water requirements. ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practices, New York.##12. McKee, T.B., Doeskin, N.J., Kleist, J., (1995). Drought monitoring with multiple time scales, January 15–20, 1995. American Meteorological Society, Proceeding of the 9th Conference on Applied Climatology, Boston: 233-236.##13. McKee, T.B., Doeskin, N.J., Kleist, J., (1993). The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. In Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Applied Climatology, Anaheim, CA, January 17–23, 1993. American Meteorological Society. Boston, MA: 179-184.##14. Mendicino, G., Senatore, A., Versace, P., (2008). A Groundwater Resource Index (GRI) for drought monitoring and forecasting in a Mediterranean climate. J Hydrol., 357:282-302.##15. Mishra, A.K., Desai, V.R., (2005). Drought forecasting using stochastic models. Stochast Environ Res Risk Assess, 19:326-339.##16. Monteith, J.L., (1965). Evaporation and the environment. The state and movement of water in living organisms. Cambridge University Press, Swansea: 205-234.##17. Nicholson, S.E., Davenport, M.L., Malo, A.R., (1990). A comparison of the vegetation response to rainfall in the Sahel and east Africa, using normalized difference vegetation index from NOAA-AVHRR. Clim Change, 17(2-3):209-241.##18. Obasi, G.O.P., (1994). WMO’s role in the international decade for natural disaster reduction. Bull Amer Meteor Soc., 75:1655-1661.##19. Pickup, G., (1998). Desertification and climate change—the Australian perspective. Clim Res 11:51-63.##20. Rossi, G., (2000). Drought mitigation measures: a comprehensive framework. In: Voght JV, Somma F (eds) Drought and drought mitigation in Europe. Kluwer, Dordrecht.##21. Sönmez, F.K., Kömüscü, A.Ü., Erkan, A., Turgu, E., (2005). An analysis of spatial and temporal dimension of drought vulnerability in Turkey using the standardized precipitation index. Nat Hazards, 35:243-264.##22. Smith, M., (1992). Expert consultation on revision of FAO methodologies for crop water requirements. Land and Water Development Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.##23. Tsakiris, G., Pangalou, D., Vangelis, H., (2007), Regional drought assessment based on the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI). Water ResourManag, 21(5):821-833.##24. Tsakiris, G., Rossi, G., Iglesias, A., Tsiourtis, N., Garrote, L., Cancelliere, A., (2006). Drought Indicators Report. Report made for the needs of the European Research Program MEDROPLAN (Mediterranean Drought Preparedness and Mitigation Planning).##25. Tsakiris, G., Vangelis, H., (2005). Establishing a drought index incorporating evapotranspiration. Eur Water, 9(10):1-9.##26. Tsakiris, G., (2004). Meteorological Drought Assessment. Paper prepared for the needs of the European Research Program MEDROPLAN (Mediterranean Drought Preparedness and Mitigation Planning), Zaragoza, and Spain.##27. Tsakiris, G., Nalbantis, I., Pangalou, D., Tigkas, D., Vangelis, H., (2008). Drought meteorological monitoring network design for the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), 1st International Conference “Drought Management: Scientific and Technological Innovations”, Zaragoza – Spain.##28. UNEP, (1992). World Atlas of desertification. Edward Arnold, London.##29. UNESCO, (1979). Map of the world distribution of arid regions. Explanatory note. Man and Biosphere (MAB).##30. Wilhite, D.A., Hayes, M.J., Svodoba, M.D., (2000). Drought monitoring and assessment in the U.S. In: Voght JV, Somma F (eds) Drought and drought mitigation in Europe. Kluwers, Dordrecht.##31. Wilhite, D., (2000). Drought preparedness in the U.S. In: Vogt JV, Somma F (eds) Drought and drought mitigation in Europe. Kluwer, the Netherlands.119-132.##

1 - Morphological analysis of glaciated valleys in the Zardkuh Mountains, Iran https://jnec.ut.ac.ir/article_60996.html 1 The morphology of glacial valley can be described in terms of power law or quadratic equations fitted to valley cross-profiles. These two models are used to study the cross-profiles of 86 valley cross-profiles in the Zardkuh Mountain in order to understand the evolutional patterns of valleys. Assessment of using the power law function indicates that b values for both valley sides range from 1.0 to 2.5 with values showing an increase within this range as valley floor altitude increases. Analysis of b and FR of the valleys in the Zardkuh Mountains does not fit in with the Rocky Mountain model of Hirano and Aniya, but has a similar trend to the Patagonia-Antarctica model. The analyses also show a more efficient widening process in higher altitudes and a more efficient over deepening of valleys in lower altitudes. The results of the analysis show a relatively efficient glacial process in the elevated region of the Zardkuh. Application of quadratic function show similar conclusions and also indicates that most of the valleys are roughly symmetrical in the cross-profile. Apparently, greatest degree of "U-ness" showing glacial modifications was observed in altitudes above ELA during Last Glacial Maximum. 0 - 127 142 - - Babak Ebrahimi PhD. Isfahan Regional Water Company, Ministry of Energy, Isfahan, Iran Iran mbeb50@yahoo.com - - Abdollah Seif Assistance Professor, Geographic Sciences and Planning Faculty, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Iran abdollahseif@yahoo.com glacial valley power law function quadratic function Zardkuh Augustinus, P.C. (1992). The influence of rock mass strength on glacial valley cross-profile morphometry: a case study from the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Earth Surface Processes Landforms 17: 39-51.##Brook, M.S.; Brock, B.W. (2005). Valley morphology and glaciation in the Tararua Range, Southern North Island, New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 48(4): 717-724##Desio, A. (1934). Sull'esistenza di piccoli ghiacciai nella Persia occidentale [Concerning the existence of small glaciers in western Persia]: Bollettino del Comitato Glaciologico Italianao, 14: 39-52.##Doornkamp, J.C.; King, C.A.M. (1971). Numerical Analysis in Geomorphology. Arnold, London, 372 pp.##Ebrahimi, B. (2015). Investigation and Analysis of Late Quaternary Glacial Landforms in Zagros Mountain, Iran. Ph D. thesis, University of Isfahan, Iran.##Ebrahimi, B.; Seif, A. (2016). Equilibrium-Line Altitudes of Late Quaternary Glaciers in the Zardkuh Mountain, Iran. Geopersia, 6 (2): 299-322.##Falcon, N.L. (1974). Southern Iran; Zagros Mountains in Mesozoic-Cenozoic Orogenic belts; data for Orogenic studies, Alpine Himalayan orogeny. Geol. Soc. London Special Publ. 4: 199–211.##Ferrigno, J.G. (1988). Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa– Glaciers of Iran., Williams R. S. and Ferrigno: Satellite atlas of glaciers of the world. 1386-G-2: 31-47.##Graf, W.L. (1970). The geomorphology of the glacial valley cross-section. Arct. Alp. Res. 2: 303-312.##10. Grunert, J.; Carls, H.G.; Preu, C. (1978). Rezente Ver-gletscherungsspuren in zentraliranischen Hochgebirgen [The present-day glaciers of the central Iranian high mountains]: Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart, 28: 148-166.##11. Harbor, J.M.; Wheeler, D.A. (1992). On the mathematical description of glaciated valley cross-sections. Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 17: 477-485.##12. Harbor, J. (1995). Development of glacial-valley cross profiles under conditions of spatially variable resistance to erosion. Geomorphology, 14:99-107.##13. Hirano, M.; Aniya, M. (1988). A rational explanation of cross-profile morphology for glacial valleys and of glacial valley development. Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 13: 707-716.##14. Hirano, M.; Aniya, M. (1990). A reply to 'A discussion of Hirano and Anyia's (1988, 989) explanation of glacial valley cross profile development' by Jonathan M. Harbor. Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 15: 379-381.##15. James, L.A. (1996). Polynomial and power functions for glacial valley cross-section morphology. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 21: 413-432.##16. Jiao, K.Q. (1981). Cross-section of glacial valley at the head of Urumqi River, Tian Shan. J. Glaciol. Geocryol. 3(s): 92-96. [in Chinese]##17. Kassab, C.; Harbor, J. (2013). Alternative coordinate systems for analyzing cross-section shapes of glaciated valleys: a case study from the Dalijia mountains, China. Physical Geography, 34: 108-123. 10.1080/02723646.2013.787580.##18. Li, Y.; Liu, G.; Cui, Z. (2001). Glacial valley cross-profile morphology, Tian Shan Mountains, China. Geomorphology, 38: 153-166.##19. Liu, G.N. (1989). Research on glacial erosion landforms: case study of Luojishan Mt., Western Sichuan. J. Glaciol. Geocryol, 11 (3): 249-259. [in Chinese]##20. McQuillan, H. (1969). Small glacier on Zardeh Kuh, Zagros Mountains, Iran: Geographical Journal, 135(4): 639.##21. Moussavi, M.S.; Valadan Zoej, M.J.; Vaziri, F.; Sahebi, M.R.; Rezaei, Y. (2009). A new glacier inventory of Iran, Annals of Glaciology, 50 (53).##22. National Cartographic Center of Iran (NCC) (2010). Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Shahrekord Block, 10m spatial resolution base on topographic map with scale 1: 25,000.  NCC, Tehran, Iran.##23. Nilforoushan, F.; Masson, F.; Vernant, P.; Vigny, C.; Martinod, J.; Abbassi, M.; Nankali, H.; Hatzfeld, D.; Bayer, R.; Tavakoli, F.; Ashtiani, A.; Doerflinger, E.; Daignières, M.; Collard, P.; Chéry, J. (2003). GPS network monitors the Arabia-Eurasia collision deformation in Iran, Journal of Geodesy, 77: 411–422.##24. Oberlander, T. (1965). The Zagros Streams: a New Interpretation of Transverse Drainage in an Orogenic Zone. Syracuse Univ. Press, Syracuse, NY.##25. Pedrami, M. (1982). Pleistocene Glaciation's and Paleoclimate in Iran, Geol. Surv. Iran, Tehran.##26. Preu, C. (1984). Die quartäre Vergletscherung der inneren Zardeh-Kuh-Gruppe (Zardeh-Kuh-Massiv), Zagros/Iran. Augsburger Geogr. H. 4. Augsburg.##27. Seif, A.; Ebrahimi, B. (2014). Combined Use of GIS and Experimental Functions for the Morphometric Study of Glacial Cirques in Zardkuh Mountain, IRAN. Quaternary International, DOI: 10.1016/ j.quaint.2014.07.005.##28. Svensson, H. (1959). Glaciation och morfologi. En glacialgeogra fisk studie i ett tvarsnitt genom kanderna mellansodra Helgelandskusten och Kultsjodalen. (English summary). Medd. L.G.U.I., Avh., 36, 283 pp.##29. Wheeler, D.A. (1984). Using parabolas to describe the cross-sections of glaciated valleys. Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 9: 391-394.##30. Wright, H.E. (1962). Pleistocene glaciation in Kurdistan. In: Eiszeitalter u. Gegenwart 12: 131-164.##31. Yamani, M. (2007). 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1 - Trend assessment of climate changes in Khuzestan Province, Iran https://jnec.ut.ac.ir/article_60997.html 1 In this paper, according to the data of 17 weather stations in Khuzestan during 1951–2012, the trend of climate changes and its severity were evaluated. A consistent correlation was highlighted for trends of De Martonne index as indicator of climate and temperature index in some stations. Based on the results of the temperature analysis, 88.31% of the Province became warmer, 6.3% became colder, and 5.3% did not show significant changes. The precipitation in the 7% of the province increased, in 67.2% of the area decreased, and 25.8% of the province did not show any significant changes. About the climate changes: 67.2% of Province became drier and 32.7% of the area showed no significant changes. A hazard classification was used for climate change based on trends of temperature and the aridity index of De Martonne during the period. The results showed 18.8% under moderate class, 40.3% under severe class, and 40.9% very severe class. This contribution provided the first experimental data-based evidence demonstrating the link between the global warming and the intensification of aridity in most parts of Khuzestan. This finding concluded more desertification and frequency and intensity of droughts. 0 - 143 152 - - Masoud Masoudi Associate Prof. of Department of Natural Resources andEnvironmental Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran Iran masoudi@shirazu.ac.ir - - Maryam Elhaeesahar Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran Iran elhaeesahar@yahoo.com climate change De Martonne index Khuzestan temperature Alcamo, J., Henrich, T. (2002). Critical regions: a model-based estimation of world water resources sensitive to global changes. Aquatic Sciences, 64: 352-362.##Arnell, N.W. (2004). 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1 - An Investigation and assessment of meteorological drought in Lake Urmia Basin using drought indices and probabilistic methods https://jnec.ut.ac.ir/article_60998.html 1 Drought is one of the most important weather-induced phenomena which may have severe impacts on different areas such as agriculture, economy, energy production, and society. A number of drought indices have been introduced and used in various countries to date. In the current study, four meteorological drought indices including Percent of Normal Precipitation Index (PNPI), Standard Index of Annual Precipitation (SIAP), Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI), and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) are compared and evaluated for monitoring droughts in Lake Urmia Basin in Iran. The comparison of indices was carried out based on drought classes that were monitored in the study area using 40 years of data (1966-2005). Two well-known probability approaches including Runs theory and Markov chain model, were used to estimate the probability of wet and dry periods. The frequency matrix is formed and the transition probability matrix of wet- dry spells is created accordingly based on maximum likelihood method. The equilibrium probability is calculated based on succeed power on probability matrix. The results demonstrated that among the drought indices, PNPI is not an appropriate index in annual estimates and SPI and RAI are better than other indices and their results are nearer to reality. The results indicated the equilibrium probability of very dry, dry, normal, wet and very wet periods is obtained 0.23, 0.27, 0.23, 0.17 and 0.1, respectively.  0 - 153 164 - - Khadijeh Javan Professor, Climatology, Urmia University, Iran Iran kjavan20@yahoo.com - - Mohammad Reza Azizzadeh Lecturer, Department of Geography, Payame Noor University, PO Box 3697-19395, Tehran, Iran Iran m_azizzadeh@pnu.ac.ir - - Saadi Yousefi M.A in Physical Geography, Payame Noor University. Urmia, Iran Iran mrav225@yahoo.com Drought Lake Urmia basin Markov Chain PNPI RAI runs theory SIAP SPI Asefjaha, B., Faniana, F., Feizia, Z., Abolhasania, A., Paktinatb, H., Naghiloua, M., Molaei Atanic, A., Asadollahia, M., Babakhania, M., Kouroshni, A., Salehia, F. (2014). Meteorological drought monitoring using several drought indices (case study: Salt Lake Basin in Iran). Desert, 19(2): 155-165.##Barua, S., Ng, A.W.M., Perera, B.J.C. (2011). 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1 - Evaluation of human thermal comfort using UTCI index: case study Khorasan Razavi, Iran https://jnec.ut.ac.ir/article_61007.html 1 The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) addresses these shortcomings by using an advanced thermo-physiological model. The aim of this study was to investigate and prepare zoning of thermal comfort condition using UTCI. Meteorological data including temperature, wind speed, cloudiness and relative humidity were obtained on a daily time scale from 10 synoptic stations during (2004-2013) period. For the calculation of UTCI index Ryman and Bioklima softwares were used. Then the relationship between UTCI and elevation was investigated and by using Digital Elevation Model (DEM), UTCI zoning was prepared. The results showed that there is a strong inverse relationship between UTCI and elevation. Spatial and temporal zoning maps showed the highest values of UTCI were observed in the northeastern part of province (Sarakhs station) on July. In the cold months the lowest values of UTCI has been recorded in January. Extreme heat stress was observed across the East, South and South-East of Khorasan Razavi province. While cold stress has been more dominant In the Central and northern areas of the province. Generally there is a significant correlation between the thermal comfort and elevation, so that thermal stresses are often observed in the low regions in the warm period of the year. 0 - 165 175 - - Mohammad Baaghideh Assistant Professor of Climatology, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran Iran mbaaghideh2005@yahoo.com - - Fatemeh Mayvaneh PhD student in urban climatology, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran Iran fmayvaneh@yahoo.com - - Ali Shekari badi M.A. in Geomorphology, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran Iran yasamin_yoka@yahoo.com - - Taybeh Shojaee PhD Student in Urban Climatology, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran Iran shojaee21@yahoo.com Khorasan Razavi thermal stress UTCI Abdel-Ghany, A., Al-Helal, I., Shady, M. (2013). Human thermal comfort and heat stress in an outdoor urban arid environment: a case study. Advances in Meteorology##Anderson, B.G., Bell, M.L. (2009). Weather-related mortality: how heat, cold, and heat waves affect mortality in the United States. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 20(2): 205.##Blażejczyk, K. (2011). Assessment of regional bioclimatic contrasts in Poland. Miscellanea Geographica-Regional Studies on Development, 15: 79-91.##Błażejczyk, K. (2004). Radiation balance in man in various meteorological and geographical conditions. Geographia Polonica, 77(1): 63-76.##Błażejczyk, K. (2011). Mapping of UTCI in local scale (the case of Warsaw). Prace i Studia Geograficzne WGSR UW, 47, 275-283.##Blazejczyk, K., Epstein, Y., Jendritzky, G., Staiger, H., Tinz, B. (2012). Comparison of UTCI to selected thermal indices. International journal of biometeorology, 56(3): 515-535.##Blazejczyk, K., Jendritzky, G., Bröde, P., Fiala, D., Havenith, G., Epstein, Y., ... Kampmann, B. 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1 - Analyzing the effects of urban development on flooding in the cities (Case study: Birjand City) https://jnec.ut.ac.ir/article_61008.html 1 It is increasingly recognized that the land-use change, especially urbanization has influenced hydrological attributes intensely. But in most urban designs, flood prediction is considered through type of land use (residential, industrial, and so on) and density. However, experiences show that this method has not been very successful. As a result, the present study aims to investigate and explore a different method in Birjand city. The study primarily emphasizes on the relationship between parameters of hydrologic models and features of urban development as well as scenarios considered in comprehensive plan. Data required for the study were obtained through investigation of existing documents and studies, particularly regarding comprehensive plan of Birjand City. Evaluation has been performed using urban hydrologic models and applying geographic information systems regarding prediction of surface currents corresponding to different urban scenarios. The results showed that in comprehensive plan the effects of increasing impervious surfaces and their effect on increasing water runoff have not been emphasized. This issue has led to an increase in runoff and consequently flooding. The model used in the study indicated that in heavy rains with return period of 25 years, flooding is mainly associated with blocking of water flow at the mouth of bridges. Moreover, this method is compatible enough with conditions of Iran and can be used in similar situations.  0 - 177 186 - - Rostam Saberifar Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O. Box, 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran Iran saberifar@yahoo.com - - Homer Shokri Student of Geography, Department of Geography, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O. 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