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1 - Remote sensing application in evaluation of soil characteristics in desert areas https://jnec.ut.ac.ir/article_59485.html 1 Soil is one of the most important natural resources covering a large area of the land surface. Soil plays a vital role in biosphere processes, such as energy balance, hydrology, biochemistry, and biological productivity. It supports plants that supply foods, fibers, drugs, and some other human needs. Conversely, desert regions include about one third of earth lands and these regions have increased caused by desertification, which is one of the main three world challenges in 21st century in global scale. Thus, it is important to monitor and map soils (especially in desert regions) and understand how these resources should be utilized, managed, and conserved properly to aim at implementing ecological role. Remote sensing has improved from traditional methods for assessing soils to informative and professional rapid assessment techniques to monitor and map soils. Previous studies have shown the utility of digital aircraft and satellite remote sensor data in the pedologic and geologic mapping process. Remote sensing offers a potential to provide information about soil characteristics over large regions. However, the intent of this paper is to focus on discussion about remote sensing applications to study desert regions. In this review, at first, we would discuss about the remote sensing applications to research on soil properties including soil salinization, crusting, moisture, texture, mineralogy, approaches, and techniques used to classify soils. In second section, we would argue about constraints tied on remote sensing applications data gathering usually conducted about investigation on soil characteristics in arid and semi-arid regions. 0 - 1 24 - - Seyed Kazem Alavipanah Professor, Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Iran Iran salavipa@ut.ac.ir - - Ali Akbar Damavandi Institute of Technical and Vocational Higher Education, Agriculture Jihad, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran Iran a.damavandi@itvhe.ac.ir - - Saham Mirzaei PhD student, Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Iran Iran smirzaei67@ut.ac.ir - - Abdolali Rezaei PhD student, Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Iran Iran - - Saeid Hamzeh Assistant professor, Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran Iran saeid.hamzeh@ut.ac.ir - - Hamid Reza Matinfar Associate Professor, Department of Soil Sciences, , Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lorestan, Iran Iran matinfar44@gmail.com - - Hossein Teimouri MSc. Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Iran. Email Iran hteimouri@ut.ac.ir - - Iman Javadzarrin MSc. Department of soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Iran Iran javadzarin@ut.ac.ir Desert areas remote sensing soil evaluation 1. Abbas, A.; Khan, S.; Hussain, N.; Hanjra, M.A.; Akbar, S. (2013). Characterizing soil salinity in irrigated agriculture using a remote sensing approach. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 55-57, 43-52.##2. Ackerman, S.A. (1989). Using the radiative temperature difference at 3.7 and 11 mm to track dust outbreaks. Remote Sensing of Environment. 27, 129–133.##3. Ager, C.M.; Milton, N.M. (1987). Spectral reflectance of lichens and their effects on the reflectance of rock substrates. Geophysics, 52, 898–906.##4. Alavipanah, S.K.; Matinfar, H.R.; Rafiei Emam, A.; Khodaei, K.; Hadji Bagheri, R.; Yazdan Panah (2010). A Criteria of selecting data for studding land resources, Desert. 83-102.##5. 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1 - Spatial-temporal analysis of heat waves in Iran over the last three decades https://jnec.ut.ac.ir/article_59487.html 1 The purpose of this research is to analyze heat waves characteristics in the warm period of the year as a climatic hazard in Iran. In this study, the daily maximum temperature is taken at 44 synoptic stations during the period 1981-2010. These temperature values were used to extract the intensity, frequency and duration of heat waves using percentile thresholds of 90, 95, and 98. The results showed that the average heat waves intensity is added between 3 to 4°C during summer more than spring. During spring and summer seasons, the most intense of heat waves is occurred on the southern coasts of Iran, and the most frequency of heat waves is occurred in the Zagros Mountains and eastern scattered mountainous of Iran. On average, the heat waves frequency is increased about 4 more heat waves during summer than spring. Furthermore, the seasonal average of the most duration of heat waves about 10 to 16 consecutive days has occurred in the southeastern of Iran. Generally, in the higher percentile thresholds heat waves frequency is reduced, but the intensity and duration are increased. 0 - 25 33 - - Mohsen Abbasnia Ph.D Candidate of Climatology, Department of Physical Geography and Environmental Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran Iran am_abbasnia@pgs.usb.ac.ir - - Taghi Tavousi Professor of Climatology, Department of Physical Geography and Environmental planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan 987-98135, Iran. Iran t.tavousi@gep.usb.ac.ir - - Mahmood khosravi Associated professor of Climatology, Department of Physical Geography and Environmental planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan 987-98135, Iran. Iran khosravi@gep.usb.ac.ir - - Huseyin Toros Associated professor of Meteorology, Department of Meteorology Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak Istanbul 34469, Turkey. Iran toros@itu.edu.tr climatic hazard heat wave Iran percentile thresholds warm period 1. Anderson, G.; Bell, M.L. (2010). Heat waves in the United States: mortality risk during heat waves and effect modification by heat wave characteristics in 43 US communities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(2): 210-218.##2. Beniston, M.; Diaz, H.F. (2004). The 2003 heat wave as an example of summers in a greenhouse climate? observations and climate model simulations for Basel, Switzerland. Global and Planetary Change, 44(1): 73-81.##3. Confalonieri, U.; Menne, B.; Akhtar, R.; Ebi, K.L.; Hauengue, M.; Kovats, R.S.; Woodward, A.J. (2007). Human health. Climate Change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 1-331.##4. Easterling, D.R.; Horton, B.; Jones, P.D.; Peterson, T.C.; Karl, T.R.; Parker, D.E.; Folland, C.; Karl, T.; Christy, J.R.; Clarke, R.A.; Gruza, G.V.; Jouzel, J.; Wang, S.W. (2001). Observed Climate Variability and Change. In: Houghton, JT et al. (eds) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate. Cambridge University Press, 99-181.##5. Folland, C.K. (1997). Maximum and minimum temperature trends for the globe. Journal of Science, 277(5324): 364-367.##6. Frich, P.; Alexander, L.V.; Della-Marta, P.; Gleason, B.; Haylock, M.; Klein-Tank, A.M.; Peterson, T. (2002). Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the twentieth century. Climate Research, 19(3): 193-212.##7. Gosling, S.N.; McGregor, G.R.; Paldy, A. (2007). Climate change and heat-related mortality in six cities part 1: model construction and validation. International Journal of Biometeorology, 51(6): 525-540.##8. Hajat, S.; Kovats, R.S.; Atkinson, R.W.; Haines, A. (2002). Impact of hot temperatures on death in London: a time series approach. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56(5): 367-372.##9. IRIMO (2012). Summary Reports of Iran’s Extreme Climatic Events. Ministry of roads andurban development, Iran Meteorological Organization, Iran, 1-26, from http://cri.ac.ir.##10. Krautmann, A.J. (2012). Midwest urban heat wave climatology: what constitutes the worst events?. Dissertation, Ohio University.##11. Kalkstein, L.S.; Greene, J.S.; Mills, D.M.; Perrin, A.D.; Samenow, J.P.; Cohen, J.C. (2008). Analog European heat waves for US cities to analyze impacts on heat-related mortality. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 89(1): 75-85.##12. Keellings, D.; Waylen, P. (2014). Increased risk of heat waves in Florida: characterizing changes in bivariate heat wave risk using extreme value analysis. Applied Geography, 46: 90-97.##13. Kent, S.T.; McClure, L.A.; Zaitchik, B.F.; Smith, T.T.; Gohlke, J.M. (2014). Heat waves and health outcomes in Alabama (USA): the importance of heat wave definition. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(2), 151-158.##14. Kuglitsch, F.G.; Toreti, A.; Xoplaki, E.; Della‐Marta, P.M.; Zerefos, C.S.; Türkeş, M.; Luterbacher, J. (2010). Heat wave changes in the eastern Mediterranean since 1960. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(4), 1-7.##15. Mansouri-Daneshvar, M.R.; Bagherzadeh, A.; Tavousi, T. (2013). Assessment of Bioclimatic Comfort Condition based on Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) using the RayMan Model in Iran. Central European Journal of Geosciences, 5(1): 53-60.##16. Meehl, G.A.; Tebaldi, C. (2004). More intense, more frequent and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century. Journal of Science, 30: 994–997.##17. Peng, R.D.; Tebaldi, C.; McDaniel, L.; Bobb, J.; Dominici, F.; Bell, M.D. (2011). Toward a quantitative estimate of future heat wave mortality under global climate change. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(5): 701-706.##18. Robinson, P.J. (2001). On the definition of a heat wave. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 40(4): 762-775.##19. Rothfusz, L.P.; Headquarters, N.S.R. (1990). The heat index equation (or, more than you ever wanted to know about heat index). Fort Worth, Texas: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Office of Meteorology, USA: 90-23.##20. Smith, T.T.; Zaitchik, B.F.; Gohlke, J.M. (2013). Heat waves in the United States: patterns and trends. Climatic Change, 118(3-4): 811-825.##21. Solomon, S. (2007). Climate change 2007- the physical science basis: working group I contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press, 4: 1-331.##22. Steadman, R.G. (1984). A universal scale of apparent temperature. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 23(12): 1674-1687.##23. Steadman, R.G. (1979). The assessment of sultriness. Part II: effects of wind, extra radiation and barometric pressure on apparent temperature. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 18(7): 874-885.##24. Stott, P.A.; Stone, D.A.; Allen, M.R. (2004). Human contribution to the European heat wave of 2003. Journal of Nature, 432(7017): 610-614.##25. Tan, J.; Zheng, Y.; Song, G.; Kalkstein, L.S.; Kalkstein, A.J.; Tang, X. (2007). Heat wave impacts on mortality in Shanghai, 1998 and 2003. International Journal of Biometeorology, 51(3): 193-200.##26. Tryhorn, L.; Risbey, J. (2006). On the distribution of heat waves over the Australian region. Australian Meteorological Magazine, 55(3): 169-182.##27. Tamrazian, A.; La-Dochy, S.; Willis, J.; Patzert, W.C. (2008). Heat waves in Southern California: are they becoming more frequent and longer lasting? Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, 70(1): 59-69.##28. Ward, R. (1925). The Climates of the United States. American Meteorological Society, the AMS Glossary of Meteorology, 383–395, from http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Heat_wave.##29. Zhang, X.; Alexander, L.; Hegerl, G.C.; Jones, P.; Tank, A.K.; Peterson, T.C.; Zwiers, F.W. (2011). Indices for monitoring changes in extremes based on daily temperature and precipitation data. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews: Climate Change, 2(6): 851-870.##

1 - Spatial distribution of absorbing centers of population with seismic structure in Kerman City https://jnec.ut.ac.ir/article_59489.html 1 Iran is located in an area with high earthquake risk. There are over 20 active faults with length of 500 km and also densely populated parts of the country have been rendered vulnerable to strong earthquakes. However, existence of eight faults of the main faults of Iran along with at least 18 faults with length of more than 100 km in Kerman province have turned the place into one of the riskiest areas of the country. For this reason, this research tries spatial distribution of absorbing centers in Kerman population compared to the high risk of seismic zones of the city. The results show that the total population of absorbing centers in Kerman is 22.2% of the training centers, 34.5% of health care centers, 22.2% of administrative centers, 14% of business centers, and 18.9 % of sports centers which are located across the threat of severe and very severe degradation. In other words, among 973 absorbing centers of population, 190 centers in Kerman are located in zones with high and very high damage and 206 centers are in areas with moderate damage; this means that among total centers of absorbing centers, 396 centers are located in zones with moderate to high risks. The importance of these centers, as well as aggregation of population in these centers, in urban spatial structure and prediction of approaches such as resisting, retrofitting of public education and crisis management is in reducing losses in the event of a seismic event that seems very likely. 0 - 35 46 - - Mohsen Pourkhosravani Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Iran pourkhosravani@uk.ac.ir - - Mohammad Reza Iravani Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, Islamic Azad, University Khomeinishahr Branch, Daneshjou Blvd, Iran Iran iravani@iaukhsh.ac.ir - - Taybeh Mahmoodi Mohammadabadi PhD. Geomorphology at College of Geographical Science and Planning, University of Isfahan, Esfahan, Iran Iran taybeh.mahmoodi@gmail.com faults Iran Kerman population centers seismicity 1. Abbas-Nejad, A.; Hassanzadeh, R. (2006). Micro-zonation of earthquake, grade and impact assessment in Kerman using GIS, Tenth Symposium of Geological Society of Iran.##2. Aftabi, A. (2006). Geochemical patterns of development in hand made structures in Kerman and range of environmental impacts on urban and engineering infrastructure, Geological Society of Iran.##3. Esfandiari, F.; Ghaffari Gilandeh, A.; Lotfi, Kh. (2014). Survey of potential of generating seismic faults and human losses resulting from earthquakes in urban areas (case study: Ardebil), researches journal of quantitative geomorphology, second year, Number 4: 17-36.##4. Hassanzadeh, R.; Abbas-Nejad, A.; Alavi, A.; Sharifi Teshnizi, E. (2011). analysis of risk quakes of Kerman with emphasis on the using GIS in the sub-zone elementary grade 2, Journal of Earth Sciences, XXI(81): 23-30.##5. Hosseini, Z.; Alavi, A.; Hassanzadeh, R.; Dehghani, M. (2014). Seismic vulnerability analysis and simulation in crisis management case study: Area 13 of Kerman, Geographical Research Quarterly, 29(IV): 147-164.##6. Qhaedrhmati, S.; Khademolhosseini, A.; Seiavoshi, T. (2013). Analysis of urban settlements risk of earthquake in Lorestan, Journal of Geography and Regional Urban Planning, 9: 1 -14.##7. Nasiri, A. (2016). Earthquake hazard zoning of the urban area of Urmia, Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, XVI(40): 115-132.##8. Lantada, N.; Pujades, L.; Barbat, A. (2009). Vulnerability index and capacity Spectrum based methods for urban seismic risk evaluation. A comparison, Net Hazards 51: 501-524, doi: 10.1007/s11069-007-9212-4.##9. Nateghi, F. (2000). Existing and proposed Earthquake Disaster Management organization for Iran, Disaster prevention and management, 9(3), MCB university, Issn 965-3562.##10. Panahi, M.; Rezaie, F.; Meshkani, S. (2014). Seismic vulnerability assessment of school buildings in Tehran city based on AHP and GIS, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 14: 969–979, doi: 10.5194/nhess-14-969-2014.##11. Yaghmaei, M.A.; Noroozian, N. (1993). The effect of seismic hazards in assessment of earthquakes in Kerman, Proceedings of the eighth Geophysics Conference of Iran, University of Tehran.##12. Zangiabadi, A.; (1991). Geography and Kerman urban planning, Kerman Shenasi press, Kerman.##

1 - Spatiotemporal analysis of carbon dixoid impact on seasonal rainfall oscillation in Iran https://jnec.ut.ac.ir/article_59490.html 1 Climate change disturbs the distribution of precipitation patterns and affects water resources. A lot of evidences imply that the increased atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gasses in turn increases the precipitation changes around the world. Thus, since Iran is located in an arid zone of the earth, identifying the effects of CO2 concentrations on Iran precipitation rate is highly important in planning the projects for water resources. Statistical data from 31 selected synoptic stations between 1975-2010 have been used. Also data for CO2 (ppm) were taken from the website of NOAA and then were analyzed by Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC). Our results indicate that CO2 had a positive (incaresing) effect on the spring precipitation in the northern areas of Iran and a negative (decreasing) effect in the southern parts of the country. There is not a specific pattern for the distribution of precipitation in the summer; the related data were not much reliable. In the fall, CO2 had an increasing effect on the precipitation rate in the eastern parts and, conversly, a decreasing effect observed in the northern parts (particularly in the southwestern coast lines of the Caspian Sea). Finally, in the winter, precipitation rate showed an increasing pattern and, in some western and northeastern parts of the country, a decreasing pattern was observed. 0 - 47 55 - - Yousef Ghavidel Rahimi Associated Professor in Climatology, Department of Physical Geography, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Iran ghavidel@modares.ac.ir - - Meysam Tolabi Nejad M.Sc. in Applied Climatology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Iran meysam.toulabi@gmail.com - - Manouchehr Farajzadeh Asl Full Professor in Climatology, Department of Physical Geography, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Iran farajzam@modares.ac.ir CO2 Global warming greenhouse gass Iran Precipitation 1. Frei, C.; Schiir, C.; Liithi, D.; Davies, H.C. (1998). Heavy precipitation processes in a warmer climate, Geophysical Research Letters, 25 (9): 1431-1434.##2. Frei, C.; Schöll, R.; Fukutome, S.; Schmidli, J.; Vidale, PL. (2005). Future change of precipitation extremes in Europe: an intercomparison of scenarios from regional climate Models, Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, Art. No. D06105.##3. IPCC (2007). Fourth assessment report: climate change 2007. Contribution of Working Group I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Core Writing Team Pachauri RK, Reisinger A (Eds), IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. 104.##4. Mitchell, J.F.B. (1989). The “Greenhouse” effect and climate change, Reviews of Geophysics, 27 (1):115-139. DOI: 10.1029/RG027i001p00115.##5. Ramanthan, V.; Feng ,Y. (2009). Air pollution, greenhouse gases and climate change: Global and regional Perspective, Atmospheric Environment, 43: 37-50.##6. Ramos, M.C.; Balasch, J.C.; Martínez-Casasnovas, J.A. (2012). Seasonal temperature and precipitation variability during the last 60 years in a Mediterranean climate area of Northeastern Spain: a multivariate analysis, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 110: 35-53.##7. Raupach, M.; Fraser, P. (2011). Climate Change: Science and Solutions for Australia, CSIRO Publishing Co, ISBN: 9780643103269.##8. Song, P.X.K. (2006). Correlated Data Analysis. Modeling, Analytics and Applications, Springer Publications.##

1 - Trend of the Caspian Sea surface temperature changes https://jnec.ut.ac.ir/article_59492.html 1 The interaction between sea and atmosphere has profound effects on the regions climate. Meanwhile, the sea surface temperature is considered as one of the most effective components of water bodies, and the controller of many atmospheric behaviors. Because of the importance of sea surface temperatures effects on atmospheric elements and also given the role of global warming on land and sea surface temperature rise, in this study, using water temperature data from AHVRR sensor of NOAA weather satellite, the climatic data bank was prepared for 718 sites across the Caspian Sea for a period of 30 years. Then, the trend of sea surface temperature change was studied for four points in Caspian Sea. The results showed that the temperature has changed because of the short-term climate fluctuations type and has a trend that can be seen in some monthly and yearly series. It was concluded from studying the behavior of U and U' components changes related to the average temperatures of four points on an annual basis, a significant mutation with a positive trend was seen and confluence point of the two sequences from 1995 to 2000 is considered as the change point. In conclusion of studying the trend of Caspian SST, it can be said that some parts of this sea is going through the trend of temperature rise and partial warming, that it is consistent with the results of many studies in which the findings are consistent with warming and changes in sea surface temperatures of aqueous areas. 0 - 57 66 - - Faramarz Khoshakhlagh Assistant Professor, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran Iran fkhosh@ut.ac.ir - - Afrouz Shakouri Katigari Statistical Mathematics PhD Candidate, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Iran afruz.shakuri4@gmail.com - - Shabnam Hadinejad Saboori Physical Oceanography M.Sc., Gilan Meteorological office, Iran Iran hadinejad.shb@gmail.com - - Nima Farid Mojtahedi Climatology PhD Candidate, Gilan Meteorological office, Iran Iran nima.mojtahedi@gmail.com - - Forough Momen Poor Meteorology M.Sc., Gilan Meteorological office, Iran Iran f.momenpoor@gmail.com - - Ebrahim Asadi Oskuee Agricultural Meteorology PhD Candidate, Gilan Meteorological office, Iran Iran e.asadi.o@gmail.com Caspian Sea climate change sea surface temperature unsustainable Mann-Kendall test 1. 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1 - Assessing spatiotemporal variability of drought trend in Iran using RDI index https://jnec.ut.ac.ir/article_59493.html 1 Drought is one of the natural phenomena which occurs in all climates in different parts of the world. Iran is located in the dry belt of the world. The increase of desertification, drought reoccurrence, and destruction by human in this geographical region needs more studies on spatial and temporal trend of rainfall. In this study, trends of climatic drought during 1975-76/ 2004-05 in seasonal and yearly time scales were evaluated at 50 synoptic stations in Iran using a drought index, RDI (Reconnaissance Drought Index), and Mann-Kendall non-parametric test, at 90 and 95% confidence levels. Results showed that among studied stations, in which RDI was calculated for, 89% had an ascending trend, and results of Mann-Kendall non-parametric test on annual values of RDI showed that among 21 stations, 76% of them had a negative trend and 24% had a significant positive trend. Based on results of this study, there exists an increasing drought trend at all-time scales in Iran. 0 - 67 77 فرزاد شفیع زاده Farzad Shafizadeh M.Sc. of watershed management, Yazd University, Iran Iran shafizade.farzad@gmail.com علیرضا ناصر صدرآبادی Alireza Naser-Sadrabadi Assistant Professor, Industrial Management Department, Yazd University, Iran Iran alireza_naser@yazduni.ac.ir - - Noredin Rostami Assistant Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Iran. Iran n.rostami@ilam.ac.ir climatic drought drought trend Iran Mann–Kendall test RDI 1. Abramowitz, M.; Stegun, I.A. (1965). Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. National Bureau of Standards, Applied Mathematics Series 55, Washington, DC.##2. Agnew, C.T. (2000). Using SPI to identify drought. Drought Network News, 12, 6-11.##3. Asadi Zarch, M.A.; Malekinezhad, H.; Mobin, M.H.; Dastorani, M.T.; Kousari, M.R. (2011). Drought Monitoring by Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) in Iran. Water Resour Manage. 25: 3485–3504. DOI 10.1007/s11269-011-9867-1.##4. Dastorani, M.T.; Massah Bavani, A.R.; Poormohammadi, S.; Rahimian, M.H. (2011). Assessment of potential climate change impacts on drought indicators (Case study: Yazd station, Central Iran). Desert, 16, 159-167.##5. Guttman, N.B.; Wallis, J.R.; Hosking, J.R.M. (1992). Spatial comparability of the Palmer Drought Severity Index. Water Resources Bulletin, 28, 1111-1119.##6. Hargreaves, G.H.; Samani, Z.A. (1982). Estimating potential evapotranspiration. J. Irrig. and Drain. Engr., ASCE, 108(3), 223-230.##7. Hayes, M.J. (2004). Drought Indices. 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1 - Sustainable management of Kiyan forest reserve-Iran: An analysis of hierarchal process https://jnec.ut.ac.ir/article_59494.html 1 Management of natural ecosystems, like forests, has several objectives such as wood production, sustainability of ecological systems, preserving aestheti,c and cultural or psychological satisfaction. This management is especially essential in dry regions with sensitive biodiversity, like Iran. The aim of this research is to elaborate a management scheme for developing a sustainable tourism plan for the Kiyan Forest Reserve, using an Analytical Hierarchy Process. At this point, four management alternatives were evaluated from socioeconomic, management (monitoring by governmental or private sector), environment and recreational perspectives. Each part was given a weight based on the opinions of specialists and local experts and tourist (by means of Questionnaire) using the "Expert Choice 11" Software. The results showed that the importance of these criteria is descending in the following order: socioeconomic, management (monitoring), environment, and finally promotion of the regional conservation and biological actions. Also, contribution of each part to the management plan was 47.8% for the environment and 46.2% for the promoting plan of the regional management. In this study, environment criterion is selected as the most important criterion and upgrading region protection is introduced as the best plan. Consideration towards the application of Analytical Hierarchy Process in tourism sustainable development and based on the former findings concludes that protection level in this area must be upgraded to national natural zone. 0 - 79 87 - - Vahed Kiyani Academic Staff, Payame Nour University, Iran Iran kiyanivahed@alumni.ut.ac.ir نورالدین رستمی Noredin Rostami Assistant Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Iran. 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Issues in multi-criteria decision making: multi-objective planning (weighting methods). Tehran Polytechnic press. 210 pp.##8. Jokar Sarhangi, E.; Jabari, H. (2015). Application of Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process in urban centers priority with ecological consideration (case study West Azerbaijan province), 25 (4): 237-250.##9. Khezeli, H. (2000). An overview of the environmental condition of Nahavand city. Cultural, Social and Economical Journal. Alimoradian Institute, 3.##10. Kiyani, V. (2011). Evaluation of Kiyan spring ecological capability for tourism use. Proceedings of the National conference of Nahavand Development Plan, Payam Nour University of Nahavand. 8 pp.##11. Kiyani, V. (2013). Land Use Planning of Kiyan Spring. Shahre Ma Publication, Nahavand, Iran. 103 pp.##12. Kiyani, V.; Khalil Nezhad, M. (2009). Introduction of Kiyan Forest Reserve and its ecotourism potential. Environment of mountain journal, 15: 18-21.##13. Kiyani, V.; Kiyani, E. (2010). 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World’s Forest ecosystems. University of Tehran Press. First edition. 245 pp.##19. Nikmardan, A. (2007). Software Introduction (a summary of the materials and some applied projects solution). Amirkabir University Jihad Daneshgahi Publication. Tehran, 170 pp.##20. Ozhan, M.; JalilIan, H.; Rostamizad, Gh. (2008). AHP an approach to the integrated watersheds management. Proceedings of the Third Conference on Water Resources Management.##21. Piran, H.; Maleknia, A..; Akbari, H.; Soosanoo, J.; Karami, O. (2013). Site selection for local forest park using analytic hierarchy process and geographic information system (case study: Badreh County). International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 6 (7): 930-935.##22. Rezvani, A.A. (2001). Ecotourism's role in protecting the environment. Journal of Environmental Studies, 31.##23. Safi Khani, K. (2001). Survey of flora at three protected areas of Lashkardar, khangormaz and Kiyan in Hamadan province. 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